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How to think about function trait bounds (specifically that for thread::spawn())? (doc.rust-lang.org)
submitted 2 months ago by [email protected] to c/[email protected]
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This pertains to Ch 16.03 of The Book, specifically Arc in multithreaded programs

I was just looking at the signature for thread::spawn (documentation linked to by post URL) wondering if and how the requirement for a thread-safe smart pointer is enforced by the type system. In short, how is the use of Arc necessitated by the type system??

For the signature, you get this:

pub fn spawn<F, T>(f: F) -> JoinHandle<T>
where
    F: FnOnce() -> T + Send + 'static,
    T: Send + 'static,

Where the parameter f is bound by F: FnOnce() -> T + Send + 'static.

And ... I'm not entirely sure how I should think about this.

Obviously, Send and 'static here are related to my question, where in some way the closure must be thread-safe (through the Send trait) and also have a whole-life-of-the-program lifetime (through the 'static lifetime). Therefore, in some way, something like Rc would be invalid but Arc would be.

But how exactly?

  1. Are the bounds on the return type of the function/closure, which then sort of back propagate onto the input parameters or captured values of the function/closure?
  2. Or are these somehow properties of the function itself?
  3. And why is T separately bound by Send + 'static when they are already present in the bounds on F?

My best guess is that the bounds on F are best parsed as ...

F: ( FnOnce() -> T ) + Send + 'static
T: Send + 'static

IE, Everything separated by a + is unitary, and, therefore, FnOnce() -> T is a single bound and Send another separate bound.

But I'm unsure about that, haven't read that anywhere, and am not really sure how to understand how exactly a function can have Send or 'static without some logic linking that directly to its input parameters?

Thoughts?

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[–] [email protected] 2 points 2 months ago* (last edited 2 months ago) (1 children)

Your guess is correct, it should be understood as

F: ( FnOnce() -> T ) + Send + 'static
T: Send + 'static

The FnOnce() -> T is syntax sugar for FnOnce<(), Output = T> and the bounds after apply to F. That's also why T has separate bounds. They aren't propagated or inherited. It's just an ambiguous looking syntax, but T + Trait + 'lifetime isn't a valid syntax for applying bounds to T (unless I missed something).

The type F may be a closure over values from the calling thread. It has to be possible to send these values to the spawned thread, hence F needs Send + 'static. When the thread is done with its work, it returns a value of type T that gets passed back via JoinHandle<T>, so T needs Send + 'static too.

I hope this cleared things up a bit.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 2 months ago (1 children)

Thanks!! (Am I correct in guessing that you handle is of Gontian origin?)

Clears up a lot!

It has to be possible to send these values to the spawned thread, hence F needs Send + 'static.

I'm still not sure I understand what this means. I suppose it's normal for a function/closure to have a lifetime, though how a closure comes to be 'static I'm not sure. And similarly I'm not clear on how a function/closure would come to have Send.

I'm guessing from your language that these bounds come from the captured values? That is, whether they are satisfied depends on whether the captured values satisfy them?

[–] [email protected] 2 points 2 months ago (1 children)

A closure may/will try to capture by reference, so it may hold references to the calling function's scope. For example, this would want to hold a reference to x:

let x = 0;
std::thread::spawn(|| x += 1);

It's as if you had a struct like this:

struct MyClosure<'a> {
    x: &'a mut i32,
}

That makes the closure non-'static, since it holds non-'static references. The usual solution is to use the move keyword, to hint that you want it to move by default, or to use scoped threads. But yeah Send and 'static depend on the captures.

Am I correct in guessing that you handle is of Gontian origin?

Yes! 😁 I picked it when I used to play Tibia (15-20 years ago!), and it stuck with me since then. The correct spelling was already taken, so I modified it a bit. This name is usually available.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 2 months ago

Thanks so much!!

And yea, nice handle! Mine’s kinda similar. It comes from Tolkien, I used it for an MMORPG back in the day and it’s kinda stuck as it’s almost always available.